The megaliths at Stonehenge and a past history temple found at Stanton Drew in 1997 attest to the early presence of an able people, as do early historical and archaeological reports, but the first lasting determine on English culture was contributed by the Celts. Roads and ruins bear witness to the Roman occupation, which began with the invasion of Julius Caesar in 55 bc and extended until the 5th century ad. Christianity was introduced by Roman soldiers but made little headway with the populace, and its spread awaited the reached of Saint Augustine, first archbishop of Canterbury, in the 6th century.

A major task for William the Conqueror and his successors was the amalgamation of Norman and Saxon and their common defense against warlike factions in Scotland, Wales, and Scandinavia. A stable social order directed toward these goals evolved slowly; elements of it still persist today. For example, both the strong class system of the English and their hereditary peerage have their roots in the Norman time.